Penguins (order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, with only one species, the Galapagos penguin, found north of the equator. Highly adapted for life in the water, penguins have countershaded dark and white plumage, and their wings have evolved into flippers. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and other forms of sea life which they catch while swimming underwater. They spend roughly half of their lives on land and the other half in the sea.
Although almost all penguin species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, they are not found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin live so far south. Several species are found in the temperate zone, and one species, the Galápagos penguin, lives near the equator.
The largest living species is the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri):[1] on average, adults are about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall and weigh 35 kg (77 lb). The smallest penguin species is the little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor), also known as the fairy penguin, which stands around 40 cm (16 in) tall and weighs 1 kg (2.2 lb). Among extant penguins, larger penguins inhabit colder regions, while smaller penguins are generally found in temperate or even tropical climates (see also Bergmann's rule). Some prehistoric species attained enormous sizes, becoming as tall or as heavy as an adult human. These were not restricted to Antarctic regions; on the contrary, subantarctic regions harboured high diversity, and at least one giant penguin occurred in a region around 2,000 km south of the equator 35 mya, in a climate decidedly warmer than today.
all penguin susbspecies:King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus
Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri
Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua
Adelie Penguin Pygoscelis adeliae
Chinstrap Penguin Pygoscelis antarcticus
Southern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome
Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi
Fiordland Penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
Snares Penguin Eudyptes robustus
Erect-crested Penguin Eudyptes sclateri
Macaroni Penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus
Royal Penguin Eudyptes schlegeli
Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes
Little Penguin Eudyptula minor
African Penguin Spheniscus demersus
Humboldt Penguin Spheniscus humboldti
Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus
Galapagos Penguin Spheniscus mendiculus
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