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A 2005 WHO report states that smoking using a waterpipe poses a serious potential health hazard and is not a safe alternative to cigarette smoking. Smoke from a waterpipe contains high levels of toxic chemicals, including high levels of carbon monoxide, metals and cancer-causing chemicals.
The average hookah session typically lasts more than 40 minutes, and consists of 50 to 200 inhalations that each range from 0.15 to 0.50 liters of smoke. In an hour-long smoking session of hookah, users consume about 100 to 200 times the volume of smoke of a cigarette. The chemical compositions of cigarette smoke and hookah smoke are different, however, as the workings of the charcoal in the modern hookah causes the tobacco mixture to be heated to a lower temperature, as opposed to the higher temperature in a cigarette where the tobacco is directly burnt. Consequently, the potential health effects of hookah smoke are expected to be very different.
Despite a different chemical composition of the smoke, it is expected that heavy and long term use still has the potential to lead to diseases generally induced by tobacco, notably chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mixtures with lighter concentrations or tobacco-free alternatives (e.g. tobamel, molasses and glycerin-soaked stones) are widely available and aim to reduce the negative effects of tobacco.
A 2008 aetiological study on hookah smoking and cancer led by a group of Pakistani researchers found that overall serum CEA levels (as a biological marker for cancer) in exclusive hookah smokers, who had been using weight equivalents of up to 60 cigarettes of tobacco in daily sessions for decades, were higher than in non-smokers but substantially lower than those recorded in cigarette smokers considering the same amount of tobacco. The study also concluded that heavy and non-moderate hookah smoking (2–4 daily preparations; 3–8 sessions a day; 2 to 6 hours net daily smoking time) substantially raises CEA levels.
what horse combat what?The 1.6 update that should (I guess) come out any time soon. It adds horse combat, as well as fixes bugs.
But Chernobyl doesn't have any zombies in it.That's what they want you to think.
Modern science saysThis was where I stopped. What an idiot.
the earth
IS rotating
the bible says it is
NOT
moving
Most of the scientific
community is saying
ONE THING -- and the bible
is saying
ANOTHER THING
The two different claims are
at odds with
each other...
Kind of like good verses evil...
1.6 = SKSE update. Dang.With no prior experience on the subject, I assume that means I won't be able to download 1.6 on 360.
