Boom Microphones capture sound from all over.
- If you're in a room, it'll capture anything that happens from within that room, and quality depends on how small of a sound it can capture
Shotgun Microphones capture sound in a cone in front of them.
- If you're going for studio work, the shotgun mic is the best choice, as you aim it in the general direction of the person speaking, and you'll hear them, what they're doing, and anybody else next to them. Think talk shows.
Then you have the rest, which can be small clip-on microphones for stage performances allowing only the person talking to be heard, or they can be desk microphones that capture only the sound within a small area near the head which would be ideal for gaming or voice recording for computer work.