the way i learned it was this way:
x^2 + 5x + 4
the factors in this case would be (x+4) and (x+1)
now, look at the trinomial this way:
ax^2+bx+c
the two factors, when multiplied, add up to the value of c (in this case: 4)
and when added they add up to the value of b (in this case: 5)
there's also another method of checking the factors called FOIL (First, Outer, Inner, Last)
meaning you multiply the first two numbers (x times x), then the outer numbers (x times 1), then the inner (4 times x), and then the last (1 times 4)
which would all come out to be the trinomial you gave