The limiting factor is the battery, not the cable or charger. You'd need a battery that can handle that current, and lithium batteries can only be charged so fast before they start getting dangerously hot
If you had a higher amperage charger, you could use it and nothing would happen differently. The amperage rating of the charger is basically just a maximum, and the phone will only pull what it can use. It's the same concept why you can put, say, a two thousand watt PSU in a computer that only needs two hundred watts. You won't damage anything by "overpowering" it, you're just wasting money by buying higher wattage than you need.
Voltage is a different story though. A higher amperage adapter is fine, but never use a higher voltage adapter.