there are many ways to use the die roll
you can scale damage based on how high the roll is
you can have it be 1 - 100 and just have the roll be how much damage is done
or you can multiply it
last 2 are things you said
pass or fail and
You're all John are some good examples of the first choice, but less health and hitpoints and more other stuff
As for scaling with the SPECIAL system, for the first choice you can scale damage/whatever higher if they have a higher point for what they're doing
For the second option you can add I guess I don't know
For multiplying you could add the number they have for that skill onto the number being multiplied I suppose