I've got to agree with Regulith.
By itself a temporary increase in Intelligence only gives you an increase in gained experience, provided you even gain any while it is boosted.
It does not give you access to higher INT perks, nor increased chance of completing certain speech checks.
In Fallout 3 however, temporarily increasing INT via clothing or drugs would temporarily boost all INT skills by a few points, including medicine, repair and science.
This meant in a pinch you could go from unable to hack an Expert terminal to able, or you could complete a science/intelligence/repair related speech check or action.
Fallout 4 is alright, but the Intelligence stat is thrown under the bus a bit as there is no immediate bonus to temp boosting it.
Boosting any other may at least help in combat (STR raises melee damage, PER increases VATS chance, END increases health, AGI increases sneak and AP, Luck increases crit rate/recharge), or be useful in conversations and trade with Charisma.