planes do run out of fuel and overheat.
Just pulling a fighter out at random, an F-15 eagle can fly about 3000 miles without refueling. At about 700 miles an hour, that lasts about 4 hours before needing to refuel. That's more than enough time to fight.
or some kind of technical fault.
This is not an argument. All technology fails from time to time. If we're counting this as a reason, then the dragon suffers from epilepsy.
dragons can fly and can shoot fireballs. on cue.
And this is a machine of war, with heat-seeking explosives capable of striking from 20 miles away. The dragon won't even be able to see the plane before it's too late, let alone be close enough to use its' fire breath. And don't even try to say anything about dodging the missile, the dragon is probably barely more maneuverable than a helicopter. On top of that, this is a trained pilot versus a wild beast.
and it is hard to fly in certain weather conditions.
F-15A
Single-seat all-weather air-superiority fighter
That is all you need to see to realize the dragon would lose.
dragon wins, because of dragon vision and dragon claws and firebreath/fireballs
Once again, the dragon will not be close enough or fast enough to use these to its' advantage.
This isn't even a fight. The plane would win hands down.